西方国家强调人格独立，So语法就有了：主格独立

独 立 主 格

独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。

一． 独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

二、独立主格结构的构成形式

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；

名词(代词)+形容词；

名词(代词)+副词；

名词(代词)+不定式；

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

1． 名词或代词＋现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如：

The man lay there, his hands trembling.

有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如：

The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.

2． 名词或代词＋过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如：

The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.

3． 名词或代词＋不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作。如：

He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.

Time is pressing, two hours to go only.

4． 名词或代词＋名词（短语） 如：

Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

5． 名词或代词＋形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质或状态。如：

The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.

6． 名词或代词＋副词 副词也多是说明前面名词或代词的状态。如：

The meeting over, we all went home.

7． 名词或代词＋介词短语 如：

The teacher came in, a book in his hand.

有时，独立主格结构中名词前面的定语可以省略。如：

The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed.

A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand.

三． 独立主格结构的作用

1． 作状语

1） 表示时间 如：

Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping.

2） 表示原因 如：

There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home.

3） 表示条件 如：

Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football.

4） 表示方式或伴随 如：

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

2． 作同位语 如：

There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen.

四．With/without 引导的独立主格结构

A． with+名词代词+形容词

He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.

B． with+名词代词+副词

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.

C． with+名词代词+介词短语

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.

D． with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.

E． with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.

F． with+名词代词+动词不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.

翻译练习：

1. ____________ (其他条件相同的情况下),a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

2._____________________(所有的航班被取消)because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.